School Resource Packs: Cork 1912-1918

'Through War and Rebellion'. School resource packs based on the collections of Cork City and County Archives Service.

Resource Pack 1: 1912 Titanic

1 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

SP1912-18, 1912 Titanic

©Cork City and County Archives 2015

Resource Pack 1: 1912 Titanic

2 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Year 1912 PR33/2 Shipping Agent’s book with Titanic Entry

Background Everyone knows the Titanic story. Claimed to be ‘unsinkable,’ the largest passenger ship in the world left Southampton and called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown in Ireland on its way to New York on its maiden (first) voyage. On 14 April 1912, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles (600 km) south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. Three hours later the ship broke apart and sank with more than 1,000 people on board. The wreck was found in 1985 an expedition led by Robert Ballard.. However, the Titanic story hides a much greater story of the movement of more than twenty-nine million Europeans (including three million Irish) who immigrated to the United States between 1821 and 1912. The Document Even short documents can provide a huge amount of information. This is a single page from the ledger of a passenger shipping agent based at Queenstown, Co. Cork in 1912. It records the date on which the ship arrives, who owned it, its name, where it came from and where it was going and how many people got on and off the ship.

Instructions

6. Optional: The hand writing changes in the middle of the document. Which do you find easier to read. Draw your own ledger and transcribe three lines of the document in your own hand-writing. Invite someone else in the class to read it. If they find it difficult to read do you think you would have got a job with this firm? 7. Optional: A note added to the top left corner of the page many years after 1912 mentions the Titanic and ‘A Night to Remember’. Look up and explain this reference.

SP1912-18, 1912 Titanic

©Cork City and County Archives 2015

Resource Pack 1: 1912 Titanic

3 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Project Work This document lends itself to project work in particular. There is an obvious project based on the Titanic but students could pick any of these ships and tell its story. Equally, using these freely accessible records and online resources (below), the students may be able to follow the journey of individual passengers on any of these voyages to tell the story of migration to the USA and return travel from the United States to Europe. There is another project based around how Queenstown got its name and how, when and why this was changed. The drama of the Titanic story also lends itself to art projects around the sinking and practical projects around the design, and projects on the ship in poetry, books, and film.

Further research: Selected CORK CITY AND COUNTY ARCHIVES CATALOGUE:

This item is from collection PR33 Goatley Deposit http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110004322

See also collection PC Port of Cork, especially PC/009 http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110005738

The Archives also holds many emigrant letters, eg, U170 Hurley Letters: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110000002

Original records may be consulted by visiting the Archives

ELSEWHERE AND ONLINE:

Titanic Belfast http://www.titanicbelfast.com/

This site is commercial and provides information about the building of Titanic in Belfast.

Titanic Experience Cobh http://www.titanicexperiencecobh.ie/

This site is commercial and provides information on the Irish passengers (many from Cork) who boarded the ship at its last port of call.

Encyclopaedia Titanic

http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/

SP1912-18, 1912 Titanic

©Cork City and County Archives 2015

Resource Pack 1: 1912 Titanic

4 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Anything you could possibly want to know about the Titanic can be found here including detailed plans of the ship, the list of passengers, the list crew and even the passengers of the Carpathia which saved 706 of the 2,223 passengers and crew.

Scholastic Immigration stories of yesterday and today http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/immigration/tour/

This site provides an interactive tour, statistics, and immigrant stories from the official entry point of 12 million immigrants to the United States from 1890 to 1954.

History Channel U.S. IMMIGRATION BEFORE 1965

http://www.history.com/topics/u-s-immigration-before-1965/videos

Series of short videos discussing Ellis Island and immigration.

The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation Passenger Search

http://libertyellisfoundation.org/passenger

This is an excellent site for tracing individual stories or the ships that were sailing back and forth across the Atlantic.

Family Search

https://familysearch.org/

This free site is hosted by the Church of the Latter Day Saints (Mormons) and provides a huge volume of data about Irish genealogy as part of its world genealogy project.

National Archive of Ireland

Census of Ireland 1901/1911, fragments and substitutes, 1821-51

http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/

SP1912-18, 1912 Titanic

©Cork City and County Archives 2015

Resource Pack 1: 1912 Titanic

5 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Outstanding searchable site that allows students to examine all aspects of Irish life in the two census years of 1901 and 1911 using the household returns for every single family in the country. Equally important are the (often overlooked) house and buildings returns which show what type of house these families were living in.

Poetry Foundation ‘The Convergence of the Twain’ by Thomas Hardy

http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/176678

SP1912-18, 1912 Titanic

©Cork City and County Archives 2015

Resource Pack 1: 1912 Titanic

6 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Ref: PR33/2 Shipping Agent’s Ledger (1912). Collection: PR33 Goatley Deposit

SP1912-18, 1912 Titanic

©Cork City and County Archives 2015

Resource Pack 1: 1912 Titanic

7 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

This Project is made possible through the support of the Heritage Council Grants Programme 2015

SP1912-18, 1912 Titanic

©Cork City and County Archives 2015

Resource Pack 2: 1913 Irish Volunteers

1 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

SP1912-18, 1913 Irish Volunteers

©Cork City and County Archives 2015

2 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918 Resource Pack 2: 1913 Irish Volunteers

Resource Pack 2: 1913 Irish Volunteers

3 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Year: 1913 U156/1 14 December 1913 [1914] Formation of Irish Volunteers in Cork

Background: Riobaird Langford was born in 1896 in Cork. His father was Charles Lankford, who worked as a printer in the Cork Examiner newspaper. He was a member of Conradh na Gaeilge (Gaelic League). Riobaird served an apprenticeship in the Cork Examiner and his printing business (Lee Press) started in 1913 with the purchase of St. Josephs Press, off South Terrace, Cork,. His first wife died in childbirth. He had 20 children with his second wife, Catherine O'Callaghan, of Blarney Street. Riobárd’s grandfather was possibly a Protestant minister. His brother Seamus and his sister-in-law Siobhán Langford were prominent in the IRA in Cork city and Mallow. During 1916 he was involved guarding the Volunteer Headquarters in Sheares Street and protecting the leaders Tomás MacCurtain and Terence MacSwiney. In this document Riobaird Langford is writing about the founding of the Cork branch of the Irish Volunteers on 14 December 1913. They were set up to support the passage of Home Rule for Ireland against Ulster Unionist resistance. However, the original committee of the Irish Volunteers had been dominated by the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) who secretly wanted to use the organisation to start a rebellion against British rule. When the British Army, stationed at the Curragh Camp in county Kildare ‘mutinied’ in March 1914 and the Ulster Unionists landed 25,000 rifles and a million bullets at Larne on 24 April 1914 the leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party, under John Redmond, demanded (and got) control of the Irish Volunteers so that all nationalists working for Home Rule would be under his control. If Irish Volunteers started fighting Ulster Volunteers this might delay Home Rule which was due to become law in the Autumn. Despite this, on 26 July 1914 the Irish Volunteers landed 900 rifles and 29,000 bullets at Howth, County Dublin and it really looked as if a civil war would start in Ireland. Just at this moment war in Europe broke out and the history of Ireland and Britain took a different path. When the Great War (First World War) broke out, on 4 August 1914, Redmond committed the Irish Volunteers to fight for Britain in a speech at Woodenbridge Co. Wexford on 20 September 1914. The Home Rule bill had become law two days earlier, but was suspended for the length of the war. Nobody expected the war to last until 1918 and most of the soldiers expected to be ‘home by Christmas’, 1914. Redmond’s ‘off the cuff’ speech led to a split in the movement when Eoin MacNeill rejected Redmond’s call to war on 24 September, but the vast majority (175,000) supported Redmond who set up the National Volunteers. This left a rump of 13,500 in the Irish Volunteers. It was this group that was involved in the Easter Rising of 1916.

Resource Pack 2: 1913 Irish Volunteers

4 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

The Document: The document is an eyewitness description by Riobaird Langford after the event which describes what happened on the night when Eoin MacNeill and Roger Casement came to address a public meeting in Cork City Hall to set up a branch of the Irish Volunteers.

Instructions: 1. Read through the document. 2. Highlight the names of people, sentences, or words you do not understand. 3. Highlight any words you cannot read. 4. Fill in the recording sheet supplied and attach it to the document.

5. Optional: There is a second document by Diarmuid Fawcitt which describes the same events. Read through it and decide which of the two documents you find the more interesting. Pick out four quotes from either or both documents to tell the story. Fill in the recording sheet supplied and attach it to the document. 6. Optional: The Langford and Fawcitt documents mention groups such as the ‘AOH’, ‘Molly Maguires’, ‘Gaelic Leaguers’ and ‘the Redmondite party’. Look up and explain what each group was and discuss divisions in Irish nationalism in the period c1900-1915 7. Store the completed work as directed by your teacher.

Resource Pack 2: 1913 Irish Volunteers

5 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Ref: U156/1, Collection U156 Riobárd Lankford Papers

6 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918 Resource Pack 2: 1913 Irish Volunteers

Resource Pack 2: 1913 Irish Volunteers

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Further research and sources:

CORK CITY & COUNTY ARCHIVES CATALOGUE This item is from collection U156 Riobárd Langford Papers http://www.corkarchives.ie/media/U156web.pdf

Diaries and papers of Liam de Roiste, and some papers of JJ Walsh, are also at the Archives: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110000722; http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110000805

The Fawcitt letter comes from a small collection. Fawcitt was a civil servant and later a judge: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110000351

Extract from Fawcitt’s letter regarding the meeting is here

Also held are AOH (Ancient Order of Hibernians) records, for Cork area (U389) and Crosshaven: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110023024

On Irish nationalism before 1916, see eg PR25 papers of Sophie O’Brien, wife of William O’Brien MP, and PR40, papers relating to DD Sheehan MP, a colleague of O’Brien, who served in WWI:

http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110000332 http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110004864

CORK CITY & COUNTY ARCHIVES WEBSITE List of Irish Volunteers Cork Corps: http://www.corkarchives.ie/collections/onlinedigitalarchive/irishvolunteerscorkcorpsmembershiplis t1913-1914/

Includes date of enlistment and address with all those who joined at the meeting included

Is your family on the list?

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How would you find out?

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How do you contact the Archives?

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How can you look at the original?

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Who could you ask?

Resource Pack 2: 1913 Irish Volunteers

8 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

ELSEWHERE AND ONLINE:

Sources about some of the background events and about what happened on the night.

PATHE NEWS Redmond and Carson volunteers 1912-1914

History Ireland : The Larne gun-running of 1914 Text and pictures

RTE NEWS The extraordinary story of the Asgard and the Howth gun-running 100 years on Text, pictures and video Links to other videos including contemporary news footage

RTE John Redmond Woodenbridge Speech 20 September 1914 Text and pictures and video clip

UCD ARCHIVE Irish Volunteer Statement rejecting Redmond 24 September 1914 Text pictures and PDF of document This statement signed by most of the 1916 leaders

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF IRELAND The 1916 Rising: Personalities & Perspectives Online exhibition covering all the individuals involved in the Rising including MacNeill and Casement Excellent for project work and self-directed learning RTE Chaotic scenes at Cork Volunteers launch Newspaper reports of the happenings on the night, pictures and video with Bulmer Hobson about Ulster influence on these events.

LEARN 1916 EASTER 1916 SCHOOLS SECONDARY Excellent resource for teachers including lesson plans, Worksheets, activities, scrapbooks, and links

Book White, Gerry, and O’Shea, Brendan, ‘Baptised in Blood’, the formation of the Cork Brigade of the Irish Volunteers 1913-16, Mercier Press, Cork, 2005

Full history of the Cork Brigade’s early years by two fine local historians.

This Project is made possible through the support of the Heritage Council Grants Programme 2015

Resource Pack 3: 1914 Liam De Roiste

1 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

SP1912-18, 1914 de Roiste

©Cork City and County Archives 2015

Resource Pack 3: 1914 Liam De Roiste

2 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Year: 1914 U271/A/16 pp. 101-102 (31 December 1914) De Roiste Diaries

Background War in Europe broke out on 4 August 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. Austria declared war on Serbia and Russia went to support Austria. Germany, France, and Britain all joined the conflict. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) had been moved to southern Belgium to help stop the Germans, the first troops arriving with Sir John French on 12 August 1914. In a speech on 20 September 1914, Irish Parliamentary Party leader John Redmond committed the 200,000 Irish Volunteers to fight for Britain. The Volunteers were a paramilitary group set up to defend Home Rule, which passed into law on 18 September but was suspended for the course of the war. Redmond’s speech led to a split in the Irish Volunteers when Eoin MacNeill rejected Redmond’s call to war on 24 September, but the vast majority (175,000) supported Redmond, becoming known as the National Volunteers. Many expected to be ‘home by Christmas’, and to see Home Rule in place in 1915. However, at the First Battle of Ypres on 19 October, the BEF took casualties of 2,368 officers and 55,787 men killed or injured, practically wiping it out as a force, and other troops from around the British Empire were dispatched to dig trenches across Belgium and France and defend the ground they held. At home, a rump of 13,500 in the Irish Volunteers remained. It was this group that was involved in the Easter Rising of 1916. The document Liam De Roiste was a Gaelic scholar and republican. He kept a diary throughout the period of the revolution and is an extremely important source for any historians who write about the period. These documents are two pages from his diary, and discuss the Pro German comments of his fellow Gaelic scholar Kuno Meyer (a German) in New York. He then compares the current period with the previous great rebellion in 1798. Liam De Roiste was born in 1882 in Tracton, County Cork. An Irish language speaker and enthusiast, he was founder member, in 1899, of the Cork branch of Conradh na Gaeilge (Gaelic League). He was a founder member of Coláiste na Mumhan in Ballingeary. He founded the Cork Industrial Development Association alongside George Crosbie of the Cork Examiner . He chaired Sinn Fein’s first meeting in Cork in 1906, which was attended by Eoin MacNeill and Douglas Hyde. He was a prominent member of Irish Volunteers movement, taking part in the march to Macroom on Easter Sunday 1916 and later smuggling arms for the I.R.A. He was elected a TD (MP) for Cork in both 1918 and 1921. In 1921, a force of 'Black and Tans' raided his home in Sunday's Well and murdered Rev. Seamus O'Callaghan, probably intending to assassinate De Roiste. He was Leas Ceann Comhairle (Deputy Chairman) of Dáil Éireann, and presided over many of the debates on the Anglo-Irish Treaty in December-January 1921-22. He took the pro-Treaty side, and was elected as a pro-Treaty candidate in June 1922. In the lead up to Civil War, he was part of a group that tried unsuccessfully to reconcile the pro- and anti- Treaty sides, but in doing so, he alienated many of his supporters, and his future career in national politics was effectively ended. He stood unsuccessfully as a Cumann na nGael candidate at the June 1927 general election and served as an alderman on Cork Corporation (now Cork City Council) from 1920-1922 until its suspension. He was elected one of three Cumann na Gael members of the reformed Cork Corporation in March 1929. He lost his Cork Corporation seat in 1930. In 1936-1937 he formed the

Resource Pack 3: 1914 Liam De Roiste

3 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Irish Christian Front to support Franco in the Spanish Civil War with Alfred O'Rahilly (1884-1969). He was a councillor for the Cork Civic Party for two periods from 1945-1950. He was secretary and Director of the Irish International Trading Corporation, Cork. He was a lifelong member of the St. Vincent De Paul Society. He died on 15 May 1959 and buried at St.Joseph's Cemetery, Cork. (A biography of De Roiste, by Diarmuid O'Murchadha, was published in 1976) Project Work This document lends itself to project work using De Roiste’s comparison between 1914 and 1798 and working out references mentioned such as Grattan’s Parliament.

Some of de Roiste’s diaries are being published online on our website, allowing his activities and opinions on Ireland and Europe in 1914-15 to be studied in greater detail.

Instructions 1. Read through the document. 2. Highlight the names of people, sentences, or words you do not understand. 3. Highlight any words you cannot read. 4. Fill in the recording sheet supplied and attach it to the document.

5. Optional: 5.a Pick any two of the people that De Roiste mentions and research them (or De Roiste himself) on the internet. Write a report on them and include references to at least two different sources explaining why you chose these. And/or 5.b This is a link to Kuno Meyer’s speech which resulted in his name being removed from the list of the Freedom of Cork. Jim Larkin also spoke at the meeting. Write and deliver a speech either attacking or defending both men. 6. Store the completed work as directed by your teacher.

Resource Pack 3: 1914 Liam De Roiste

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Further research and sources

CORK CITY AND COUNTY ARCHIVES CATALOGUE

This diary entry comes from collection U271 Liam de Roiste Papers: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110000722

Minute book of the short-lived Cork Civic Party, 1946-48: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110000370

Records of St Joseph’s Cemetery, Cork: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110004282

CORK CITY AND COUNTY ARCHIVES WEBSITE

Diaries of Liam De Roiste T.D. Nov. 1914 - Dec. 1915 http://www.corkarchives.ie/collections/onlinedigitalarchive/liamderoistetddiaries/

U271 De Roiste Papers collection-level descriptive list: http://www.corkarchives.ie/media/U271web.pdf

Search St Joseph’s registers online: http://www.corkarchives.ie/collections/onlinedigitalarchive/stjosephscemeteryregisters/

Original records may be consulted at the Archives by appointment

ELSEWHERE AND ONLINE

National Archives of Ireland Bureau of Military History Liam De Roiste 1698

http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1698%20PART%201.pdf

http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1698%20PART%202.pdf

Parts one and two of Liam De Roiste’s 385 page statement to the Bureau of Military History which covers the period from 1901 to 1918.

National Library of Ireland Photographic Archive

http://www.nli.ie/

Excellent archive of many of the events surrounding the 1916 rebellion

Resource Pack 3: 1914 Liam De Roiste

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Archives.org Grattan’s Parliament: before and after.

http://www.archive.org/stream/grattansparliame00bodkuoft#page/n359/mode/2up

This is a very long and detailed book about the history of Grattan’s Parliament and the Act of Union. Particularly useful for portraits of the main individuals, and for explaining the causes of the 1798 rebellion.

UCC Multitext Project in Irish History: The 1798 Rebellion in Wexford

http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/The_1798_Rebellion_in_Wexford

Very detailed history of the 1798 Rebellion on Wexford with good detail on the origin of the United Irishmen

Houses of the Oireachtas: Parliament in Ireland

http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/about/history/parliamentinireland/

The official Irish parliament’s history of parliamentary government in Ireland

History Ireland New Light on Lord Edward Fitzgerald

http://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/new-light-on-lord-edward-fitzgerald/

Lord Edward Fitzgerald was one of the leaders of the 1798 rebellion and this article is about a new cache of documents which shows him in a different light. See also

Library Ireland Wolfe Tone

http://www.libraryireland.com/biography/TheobaldWolfeTone.php

National 1798 Rebellion Centre

http://1798centre.ie/

Peach Productions 1798 Battle of Vinegar Hill

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYtEic7UE8U

Youtube video of the final battle of the Wexford Rebellion at Vinegar Hill

Resource Pack 3: 1914 Liam De Roiste

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RTE.IE Century Ireland Lord Aberdeen and the office of Lord Lieutenant in the Home Rule era

http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/articles/irelands-lord-lieutenant-a-fount-of-all-that-slimy-in-our- national-life

New York Times IRISH JOIN GERMANS TO SWAY SENTIMENT http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive- free/pdf?res=950CE1DA1438E633A2575BC1A9649D946596D6CF New York Times article about Kuno Meyer’s speech in New York which led directly to De Roiste’s comments. The article includes comments by Jim Larkin the founder of the ITGWU (and workers’ leader during the 1913 Dublin Lockout’.

Book Quinlivan, Aodh, The Freedom of Cork, a chronicle of honour, Collins Press, Cork, 2013

Includes entries on Kuno Meyer and Fr Peadar O Laoghaire

This Project is made possible through the support of the Heritage Council Grants Programme 2015

Resource Pack 3: 1914 Liam De Roiste

7 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Ref: U271/A/16, Diary. Collection: U271 Liam de Roiste Papers

8 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918 Resource Pack 3: 1914 Liam De Roiste

Resource Pack 4: 1914 Suzanne R. Day

1 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

SP1912-18, 1914 Susanne R Day

©Cork City and County Archives 2015

Resource Pack 4: 1914 Suzanne R. Day

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Year 1914: BG69/A/140 Cork Board of Guardians (extract from minutes of 16 March 1914)

Boards of Guardians were created by the Poor Law (Ireland) Act 1838. Each board administered a a workhouse and poor relief services within a defined poor law union consisting of a group of parishes or townlands. People who had no work would either go to the workhouse or be sent there by a Relieving Officer whose job was to go around the district and ensure that nobody was starving in the area. The Board levied (charged) the landowners in their area a poor rate (tax) to feed and clothe the people in the workhouse. When there were a lot of poor people in the area, eg, times of famine, the rate was higher. Each board was composed of guardians who came from and were elected by the owners of land. Depending on the value of the property an elector had one to three votes. In Ireland District Electoral Divisions were formed to create Poor Law Unions. We still use these today for elections but the Poor Law is long gone. The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1899 changed the system. The members of the Rural District Councils became the guardians for their areas and poor law elections were limited to urban areas. Property qualifications were abolished, multiple votes were ended and women could become guardians. The term of office of a guardian was increased to three years, with all guardians elected with no ex officio or nominated board members. Boards could co-opt (bring in) a chairman, vice-chairman and up to two other members. This was the first time that women could be elected to any government body but as the electorate were almost all male then few women even ran for election or got elected. At the time only 60% of men over 21 could vote in General Elections under the 1884 Reform Act and women were demanding equal rights for women in the United Kingdom through the Suffragette movement. Susanne Day helped form the Irish Women’s Franchise League in Cork and co-founded the Munster Women’s Franchise League, with writer Edith Somerville. She was one of the first women elected to the Cork County Borough (Cork City) Board of Guardians, in 1911. Appalled by the state of the workhouse (now St. Finbarr’s Hospital), especially the overcrowded conditions in the children’s ward, she started a campaign inside the Board to change this. She was obstructed at every stage by some members of the Board who did not want to spend money on improving things. She wrote an article on ‘The Workhouse Child’ in 1912, and later she wrote a thinly disguised satire called “The Amazing Philanthropists. Being extracts from the letters of Lester Martin ’ published in 1916. She left Ireland for France in 1916 and worked at the war front. She wrote Round about Bar-le-Duc in 1918 about her experiences during the battle of Verdun. She returned to Cork after her mother died and lived at Myrtle Hill House on Lover's Walk. However by the early 1930s she had returned to France. She also wrote plays with Geraldine Cummins, a noted spiritualist, two of which ( Broken Faith and Fox and Geese ) were staged at the Abbey in Dublin. Later plays The Dark Horse and Sixes and Sevens were staged in Manchester. During the Second World War she worked for the London Fire Service. She died in London on 26 May 1964. Her father, Robert Day was one of the most important people in the study of Irish pre-history as he purchased many of the artefacts that have found their way into museums across the world. Her nephew Alec R. Day , also an antiquarian and historian, founded the Cork Camera club in 1932. A collection of his papers is held at Cork City and County Archives. You might like to arrange a visit

Resource Pack 4: 1914 Suzanne R. Day

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The Do cument Board of Guardians Reference BG/69/A/140 p.485

All Boards were subject to the overall control of the Local Government Board of Ireland (these days it is the Department of the Environment) in Dublin Castle which was the headquarters of British Rule in Ireland until January 1922. The document is the minutes from the Cork Borough Board of Guardians (Cork City) discussing a letter from the LGB about the condition of the children’s ward as a result of Susanne Day’s campaign.

5a. Optional: ‘The Amazing Philanthropists’ was a novel written by Susanne which describes the same events and the build up to them. The linked extracts give further details of the conditions in the Workhouse and Susanne’s views of the people on the board, the role of women in politics and her attitude to the poor among other things. Read through the extracts and write Susanne’s story in your own words saying what you think of the people involved including Susanne. Students may also use Day’s 1912 article ‘The Workhouse Child’ , deploring the ‘Oliver Twist’-like conditions prevailing. 5b. Optional Starting with the links below, study and write about workhouse life for children 5c. Optional Starting with the links below, explore Day’s career as a writer, her activities as a suffragette, and her work as an ambulance worker in the First World War. What can we learn about the changing role of women in society, public life, and the cultural world of this period? Eg, Cork’s suffragettes, women and the Abbey Theatre, Irish women and World War I 6a. Optional : The list of the Board of Guardians for Cork in 1913 (below) taken from Guy’s Directory of 1913 gives the names and addresses of the members of the board. See if you can find them in the manuscripts of the 1911 census. You can attempt all of them or your teacher may split them up for you. Write a short paragraph including at least ten facts about each family. Don’t forget to look for the same family in the 1901 census as this will give you a lot more information about the people making decisions in Cork at that time. From the Household returns you should be able to find out a lot about the family, (religion, age, number of children, literacy, illnesses, position in family etc.) and from the House and Building returns you should be able to tell a lot about the kind of house they lived in. From the Outhouse return you can even tell if they kept chickens or how they heated their houses. Susanne Day’s 1911 return can be found here. How does she actually spell her name? 6b. Optional: Contrast these details with the information provided about the inmates of the Workhouse in the 1911 Census recorded in Houses 1.1 and 1.2 of Knockrea townland 7. Store the completed work as directed by your teacher.

Resource Pack 4: 1914 Suzanne R. Day

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Ref: BG69/A/140 minute book. Collection: BG69 Cork Board of Guardians

DON’T FORGET TO ZOOM IN TO HELP READ THE WORDS

Resource Pack 4: 1914 Suzanne R. Day

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GUARDIANS COUNTY BOROUGH OF CORK. (Guy’s Directory 1913: http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/places/streetandtradedirectories/1913guyscitycountyalmanacan ddirectory/ )

Chairman—Michael McCarthy Vice-Chairman—Richard Cronin Deputy Vice-Chairman—Mathew Fitzpatrick

No I (Centre Ward)— John J Goggin, J P, 117 Sundays Well Road Denis Buckley, Litchfield, Ballintemple, Thomas C Butterfield, 28 South Mall, Patrick H Meade, 3 Summerhill Terrace No 2 (North Centre) —Wm J Hegarty, Lawsonville, Boreenmanna Rd, Sir D J Hegarty, J P, Beechmount, Summerhill, Michael Newman, 17 Kyle Street, Patrick Murphy, 17 Drawbridge Street No 3 (North East)— Susanne R Day, Myrtle Hill House, Hannah Mary Barry, 1 Rockspring, St Lukes James Daly, 96 Ballyhooly Road, St Lukes, Timothy Cosgrove, 140, Ballyhooly Road No 4 (North West)— Terence O'Connor, 105 Shandon Street Cornelius Mallard, 91 Watercourse Road, Patrick Murphy, J P, 49 Sundays Well Road John F O'Sullivan, 45 Popes quay, Tadg. Barry, 54 Blarney Street Denis J Sharkey, 15 Great Wm O'Brien Street No 5 (South)— Richard Cronin, 17 St Fin Barres Place Daniel Cronin, 13 Margaret Street Simon Mahony,, 1, Tower Street, Michael Desmond, 83 High Street James O'Connell, 59 Evergreen Street David Murphy, Friars Walk No 6 (South Centre)— Elizabeth Mary Murphy, 8 Adelaide Terrace, Patrick D O Brien, 2 Newenham Terrace, James O'Donovan, Rock Villas, Connaught Avenue, William Desmond, 2 Pembroke Street No 7 (West)- Thomas Slack, Maryville, Mardyke, Daniel Gamble, 48 Grattan Street John Murphy, 15 Blackrock Road , John Callanan, 23, Bachelors Quay

Resource Pack 4: 1914 Suzanne R. Day

6 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Further Research and Sources

CORK CITY AND COUNTY ARCHIVES CATALOGUE

This extract is from a minute book of the Cork Board of Guardians: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110000165

Papers of Day’s nephew Alec R Day, antiquarian, historian, and photographer: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110005911

Day’s co-playwright, Geraldine Cummins, from Glanmire, was a famous medium and spiritualist. Her papers include copies of the plays she co-wrote with Susanne Day: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110000657

CORK CITY AND COUNTY ARCHIVES WEBSITE

Descriptive list of Cork Board of Guardians records: http://www.corkarchives.ie/media/BG69web.pdf

ELSEWHERE AND ONLINE

Jstor.org An academic research website preserving ‘the scholarly record’ online. Accessible via Cork City Libraries and Cork City and County Archives

Day, Susanne R, ‘ The Workhouse Child ’, The Irish Review (Dublin), Vol 2, No 16 (Jun., 1912), pp169- 179 http://www.jstor.org/stable/30062823

Impassioned article by Day regarding the plight of children in the workhouse system, published within a year of her election to the Cork Board of Guardians.

Cork County Library holds a copy of Day’s ‘The Amazing Philanthropists’ (London, 1916): http://www.corkarchives.ie/media/1914%20Day%20The%20Amazing%20Philanthropists.pdf

Corkpastandpresent.ie Cork City Libraries research website

Day’s unpublished novel ‘St Martin’s Cloak’ may be downloaded from this site, which also gives a good short biography of Day. http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/culture/corkwriters/susannerouvierday/

Book Gonzalez, Alexander G (ed.), Irish Women Writers: an A-to-Z guide (Greenwood Press, 2006)

Includes detailed entries of Cummins and Day, which are present in the Google Books preview: https://books.google.ie/books?id=quocyNYLbLcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r &cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Abbeytheatre.ie Details of productions, including ‘Broken Faith’ and ‘Fox and Geese’ http://www.abbeytheatre.ie/archives/play_detail/10250;

http://www.abbeytheatre.ie/archives/production_detail/988

Resource Pack 4: 1914 Suzanne R. Day

7 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

BBC Documentary The Horrific World of England's Workhouse https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCTgS4sFyVk

One of the first acts of the new Irish state was to abolish the workhouses. In England they continued until 1948. This BBC Documentary is 1.32 hours long but the first the first twenty minutes about Charlie Chaplin will be sufficient.

Join me in the 1900’s Life in a Workhouse

http://www.1900s.org.uk/1900s-workhouse-life.htm

Part of a very good amateur site about life in Victorian Britain.

Archiseek workhouse

http://archiseek.com/tag/workhouse/

Maps and plans for workhouses including the one in Limerick which was typical of Irish workhouses which were far less ornate than some of their English counterparts

Workhouses.org History of Workhouses in UK and Ireland http://www.workhouses.org.uk/

Informative site on all aspects of workhouse history, with good sections on Irish houses

This Project is made possible through the support of the Heritage Council Grants Programme 2015

Resource Pack 5: 1915 First World War

1 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Resource Pack 5: 1915 First World War

2 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Year: 1915 B609/9/A/58 extract from J. H. Bennett Great War diary [and letters of sympathy BG609/Add/3/16]

Russia

Germany

Loos

Austria- Hungary

France

Italy

Gallipoli

Turkey

Background By December 1914, four months into the First World War, the British and German generals in the west realised that they could not break down the defences on the other side. As a result a series of trenches for protection were dug by soldiers on both sides across northern France and they settled down to wait while the leaders to come up with an idea to get behind enemy lines. Again and again the generals on both sides probed for a weak-point in the system of trenches but nobody could defeat the industrial killing machines of the machine gun and the artillery bombardment. In the east Turkey was allied to the Germans and the United Kingdom believed that they could knock Turkey (who they thought was very weak) out of the war by attacking its capital Constantinople. If Turkey fell then Russia could then attack Germany from the east. Always inventive, Winston Churchill who was then 1 st Lord of the Admiralty (Navy Minister) decided to open up this new front. The place chosen was a narrow peninsula called Gallipoli at the entrance to the passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, called the Dardanelles. On 25 April 1915 Australian and New Zealand troops came ashore. By this time the Turks,

having worked out what was being planned, were ready...

By late summer 1915 it was clear that the Gallipoli campaign was a stalemate every bit as bad as the Western Front, where it was now decided to attack a German strongpoint. The reason was simple:

Resource Pack 5: 1915 First World War

3 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

"After washing his hands, Lord Kitchener came into my writing-room upstairs, saying he was anxious to have a few minutes talk with me. The Russians, he said, had been severely handled and it was doubtful how much longer their Army could withstand the German blows. Up to the present, he had favoured a policy of active defence in France until such time as all our forces were ready to strike. The situation which had arisen in Russia caused him to modify these views. He now felt the Allies must act vigorously in order to take some of the pressure off Russia, if possible." Sir Douglas Haig papers, 19 August 1915 On September 25 th 1915 at a crucial part of the front the British Army released chlorine gas and attacked the Germans at Loos just to the south-west of Lille in northern France. This was also the site of the much better known battle of Vimy ridge which took place in 1917. On the first day of the battle the British suffered 8,000 casualties out of 10,000 men in four hours and while they broke through the German defensive lines they could not advance due to exhaustion and a lack of artillery shells needed to take out the machine guns which pinned down the troops. Sir John French was fired as head of the army as a result of this failure and British Prime Minister Asquith was replaced by David Lloyd George at the head of a War Cabinet. Loos and Gallipoli are marked on the map above.

The Document These pages come from a journal kept by John H Bennett of Ballinacurra which he kept throughout the war. The war became personal for the Bennett family when their son J. W. Bennett was killed at Loos on 13 October 1915 in the final attempt to break through the German defences. The journal and other papers open a window on how the British Government dealt with the families of the dead and the reactions of others.

Ballinacurra was a major barley malting location from the late 18th century, using the fine local barley of the East Cork area. Ships took the finished malt

mainly to Guinness in Dublin, from whom John H Bennett held a contract. Bennett and Company maltings ceased trading in 2006, and the company’s very extensive, and interesting, business archives were donated to the Cork City and County Archives with the help of Trevor West. Professor West’s book ‘Malting the Barley: John H.Bennett, The Man and His Firm’ was published in 2006.

Instructions

1. Read through the document 2. Highlight the names of people, sentences, or words you do not understand. 3. Highlight any words you cannot read. 4. Fill in the recording sheet supplied and attach it to the document 5. Optional: The Grenfell Letter was written by Jack Bennett’s headmaster expressing his sympathies. Read through it and decide which of the two documents you find the more interesting. Pick out four quotes from either or both documents to tell the story of what happened to Jack. Who was Lord Haldene? How did public opinion change over the war? 6. Store the completed work as directed by your teacher. 7. Outline how you would go about seeing the original record by visiting Cork Archives.

Resource Pack 5: 1915 First World War

4 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Ref: B609/A/58 ‘War’ diary (extract). Collection: B609 Bennetts of Ballinacurra

5 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918 Resource Pack 5: 1915 First World War

Resource Pack 5: 1915 First World War

6 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

From B609Add/3/15: Telegram from the War Office informing John H Bennett of his son Jack’s death

Resource Pack 5: 1915 First World War

7 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Further research and sources

CORK CITY AND COUNTY ARCHIVES CATALOGUE

The documents comes from the collections B609 Bennetts of Ballinacurra and B609/Add: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110000160

Parts of PR46 Hackett Diaries relate to B Hackett, who served in France, and later witnessed the Easter Rising: http://catalogue.corkarchives.ie/Details/archive/110005533

CORK CITY AND COUNTY ARCHIVES WEBSITE

Descriptive list for B609: http://www.corkarchives.ie/media/B609web.pdf

Hackett Diaries, including short war diary of Barth Hackett, also active at Loos, who received the Military Cross for rescuing a fallen comrade: http://www.corkarchives.ie/media/PR46web.pdf

You can visit the archive at any time to view B609 and read through John H Bennett’s diaries and letters relating to his son Jack W Bennett and the war. Book an Appointment for Research , Get a Readers Tickets and Make an Advance Order will all help you with this process. Alternatively, your class can visit the archives by appointment free of charge, where an archivist will be able to explain the work carried on here. Book a Group Visit

The Grenfell letter may be viewed on the website: http://www.corkarchives.ie/media/1915%20World%20War%20I%20Grenfell%20letter.pdf

ELSEWHERE AND ONLINE

General

APOCALYPSE WWI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52cTbhwU8NI

A short Youtube trailer for a joint French/Canadian television series that examines World War 1 with links to the series. Original footage has been colourised and sound added. 3 episodes running up to the end of 1915 The episodes are one hour long and tight editing moves the story quickly. Particularly suitable for transition year but good for Junior Cycle also.

RUDTHESPUD

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3UjJ5kxiLI&feature=youtu.be

A six minute Youtube animation which ‘explains’ the First World War in an engaging and quick fire way. It is particularly suitable for junior cycle students, but is useful for quick revision for all ages.

Firstworldwar.com Non-academic site regarding the war, including a ‘Who’s who’ section with entry on Lord Haldene: http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/haldane.htm

Resource Pack 5: 1915 First World War

8 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Loos and Gallipoli

THE LONG LONG TRAIL: THE BATTLE OF LOOS

http://www.1914-1918.net/bat13.htm

A very long and detailed description of the battle of Loos with good maps and excellent analysis of the strategic position which will suit Senior Cycle students and those doing a project on the western front.

OUR HEROES ÁR LAOCHRA

http://ourheroes.southdublinlibraries.ie/node/16376

South Dublin Libraries and Irish Government funded site commemorating the dead of the First World War which list J W Bennett.

THE WAR GRAVES PHOTOGRAPHIC PROJECT

http://twgpp.org/information.php?id=3344975

COMMONWEALTH WAR GRAVES COMMISSION

http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/79500/LOOS%20MEMORIAL

Dud corner cemetery Loos and cemetery plan

Photograph of the grave

RTE GALLIPOLI EXPLORE, UNDERSTAND AND FOLLOW THIS IRISH STORY

RTE Century

http://gallipoli.rte.ie/

A comprehensive archive of radio, film and text about Gallipoli from an Irish perspective with special focus on the Irish regiments who took part.

BBC News Gallipoli: BBC drone flight over WWI battlefield

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-32429135

An excellent resource showing the ground over which the battle was fought and why it was so easy for the Turks to defend against 45,000 allied troops.

DR. Alan Brown Gallipoli 1915 Youtube Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKqhr84lr5Y

Good overview of the battle which would be essential for project work at Senior Cycle/Transition year.

Resource Pack 5: 1915 First World War

9 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

The British Council: The main events of the First World War: Student worksheet

https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/The_main_events_of_the_First_World_W ar_worksheet_student_A.pdf

A good quiz for revising the topic of the First World War aimed at Junior Cycle students

History on the net: World War One Timeline

http://www.historyonthenet.com/ww1/ww1_timeline.htm

Useful overview of the war which covers the main events and is helpful for students at Junior and Senior Cycle.

Westernfrontassociation.com Association and website committed to World War I remembrance and research, with many branches including an active Cork Branch:

http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/

https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cork-Branch-Western-Front-Association/250345381646156

This Project is made possible through the support of the Heritage Council Grants Programme 2015

Resource Pack 6: 1916 Rising In Cork

1 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

SP1912-18, 1916 Rising in Cork (Cohalan)

©CCCA 2015

2 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918 Resource Pack 6: 1916 Rising In Cork

Resource Pack 6: 1916 Rising In Cork

3 Cork City & County Archives: Through War and Rebellion: Cork 1912-1918

Year: 1916 U156/4 Langford Papers, Copy letter from Auxiliary Bishop Daniel Cohalan about his role in the hand in of arms in Cork during Easter 1916

Background: The Easter Rising of 24 th April 1916 is regarded both as a glorious failure and the defining moment in setting Ireland on the path of independence. The rebellion was fought in Dublin and parts of Meath and Wexford. The rest of the country remained quiet but on Easter Sunday morning ‘two or three hundred’ Cork city Irish Volunteers had boarded a train for Crookstown to meet other volunteer groups from West Cork. The plan was to seal off all roads to Kerry so that guns could be landed safely from the German ship, the Aud. Tomás MacCurtain the received countermanding orders from Eoin McNeill calling off the manoeuvres. He drove to Kilmurray with Terence McSwiney, where all the volunteers had joined up, to send them home. The whole company marched to Macroom and the city volunteers got the train to Cork that evening. Other Irish Volunteers were guarding Volunteer Hall on Sheares’ Street. This led to an increasing ring of steel being thrown around the building by the British Forces in the city over the following six days. The British demanded the surrender of all weapons but the Volunteers refused. Not a shot was fired on either side. Eventually, a compromise brokered by the Lord Mayor and the Auxiliary Bishop. For many years after the rebellion there was a dispute between the Cork Volunteers and the Government over the issuing of 1916 service medals. For example in the Langford collection in the Cork City and County Archives is a letter from Seamus Fitzgerald to Taoiseach Sean Lemass about Cork volunteers being eligible for 1916 medals, (U156/7). The Document: In this letter Bishop Daniel Cohalan is setting out his actions and those of Lord Mayor Butterfield during Easter Week which brought about a peaceful resolution to the Easter Rising in Cork. Daniel Cohalan, from Kilmichael, was installed as Bishop of Cork on 27 August 1916. Before that he served as Assistant Bishop of Cork for two years. He excommunicated anyone involved in murder within the Diocese of Cork and Ross two weeks after the Kilmichael ambush (where the West Cork IRA wiped out 17 members of an Auxiliary patrol) on 12 December 1920 which caused anger among IRA members. The timing of the decree, on the morning after the burning of Cork city centre by British Forces, led by another company of the Auxiliaries was particularly unfortunate.

Instructions:

1. Read through the document 2. Highlight the names of people, or sentences and words you do not understand. 3. Highlight any words you cannot read. 4. Fill in the recording sheet supplied and attach it to the document. 5. Answer the quick quiz about the document. 6. Optional: Bishop Cohalan had a very fractured relationship with the volunteers throughout the period from 1916 to 1924. Research this story and write a short report about the major incidents. See also futher research. 7. Store the completed work as directed by your teacher. 8. Find out about how to consult the original record by visiting Cork City and County Archives.

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